Standard non-Bayesian methods to handle the situation addressed by the PPDE analysis above are to use Bonferroni or Benjamini & Hochberg multiple-hypothesis testing corrections to obtain q-values. Bonferroni q-values control the Family-Wise Error Rate (FWER) and Benjamini & Hochberg q-values control the False Discovery Rate (FDR). One could view these as a frequentist approach to the problem addressed by the PPDE analysis, or the PPDE analysis as the Bayesian treatment of the multiple hypothesis testing issue.